![]() However, the regulation of the resistance to F. oxysporum and ornamental characters, it represents one of the important parents used in lily cross-breeding. sargentiae is endemic to China and is naturally distributed in the southwest regions. A few lily breed cultivars (Asiatic hybrids, LA hybrids) and some wild species ( L. Therefore, the most effective and safe approach for controlling this disease is to understand resistance-related molecular mechanisms and identify and exploit key genome resources in breeding novel F. oxysporum is difficult to control effectively. It can survive for a long time as mycelium, chlamydospore, or sclerotium with diseased residue in the soil or as mycelium in the lily bulbs. Lilii is the main pathogen that causes lily Fusarium wilt. The soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. Fusarium wilt disease (also labeled as basal rot, stem rot, or root rot) is one of the most limiting threats to bulbs and flower production in lilies, specifically under special growing conditions in greenhouses. With the expansion of lily planting areas, lily diseases have become more serious in recent years. Yunnan, China, is one of the main producers of lily cut flowers in the world. Lily ( Lilium spp.) is an important ornamental plant that contributes considerably to the global cut flower market economy. Accordingly, it is essential to identify suitable and stable reference genes for specific experimental conditions and in each species. Thus, an improper selection of reference genes may lead to erroneous results and conclusions by qRT-PCR analysis. However, some studies have shown that reference genes’ expression levels are not always stable under changing growth conditions in many species. ![]() A reliable reference gene should exhibit stable expression in all plant organs at different physiological and developmental stages and under various experimental conditions. These genes are associated with fundamental cellular functions and processes, maintenance of cell structure and properties, and primary metabolism. In plant science, reliable reference genes are commonly chosen from the stably expressed housekeeping genes, including polyubiquitin ( UBQ), actin ( ACT), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH), 18S ribosomal RNA ( 18S), elongation factor ( EF), Tubulin ( TUB), and so on. It is necessary to utilize one or more stable reference genes as the calibration standard to normalize the relative expression levels of target genes. Nevertheless, its accuracy is influenced by diverse factors, including the quality of RNA, initial sample capacity, primer specificity, reverse transcription efficiency, and amplification efficiency. It is highly sensitive, specific, accurate, and reproducible. However, transcriptome data are not always reliable, and qRT-PCR analysis is the most used approach to validate transcriptome data. At present, transcriptome sequencing is the most widespread method to explore transcriptional changes during diverse biological processes in various species. Gene expression analysis is crucial in dissecting the regulation network of physiological and metabolic processes in plants. oxysporum-resistant genes’ expressions in L. Our results show that HIS is the most suitable reference gene for accurately normalizing F. ![]() The expression patterns of the four target genes were consistent with their responses to pathogenetic fungi in other plants. The reliability of HIS was further validated by analyzing the expression levels of four resistance-related candidate genes. Amongst them, HIS and GAPDH displayed the highest and the lowest expression stability, respectively. oxysporum, revealed that all nine genes met the basic requirements of reference genes. Expression stability analysis via common programs GeNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder, at different time points post-inoculation of F. This study investigated the reliability of nine candidate reference genes ( CYP, EF1-α, GAPDH, TUB, UBQ, AQP, HIS, PGK, and RPL13) for qRT-PCR analysis of F. The reliability of results by qRT-PCR relies mainly on the stability of the reference genes. oxysporum-resistant lily varieties have been identified and are being utilized in resistant breeding, the regulation network of the resistance-associated mechanisms is yet to be studied due to the lack of reliable reference genes for qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) normalization. ![]() Lilii) is one of the most damaging diseases in lily ( Lilium sargentiae Wilson). Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. ![]()
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